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Banned Deviant
I am an Emotional Poet
slick-moves
Female/South Africa
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Last Visit: 175 weeks ago
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Lymphoedema: early detection and treatment are critical
Recognising lymphoedema early and treating it promptly is the best way to manage the condition. Without appropriate and timely treatment, lymphoedema can lead to pain, recurrent infection, reduced mobility and impaired function [1].
Lymphoedema: the condition
Characterised by excess protein and oedema in the tissues, lymphoedema can be the result of radiation therapy or surgery and may occur in one or both arms or legs. "Studies show from 20% to 45% of patients who are at risk for lymphoedema will eventually develop it." Wall Street Journal 2004 [7].
Lymphoedema may be extremely debilitating and although it cannot be cured, treatments often involving exercise, compression bandaging and massage can arrest the condition. Early detection and therefore early treatment are critical to providing the best patient outcome.
Objective and standardised results: a better way
Until recently techniques involving measuring limbs with a tape measure or immersing limbs in water have been favoured for the diagnosis of lymphoedema. These techniques, in addition to being cumbersome and time consuming, are diagnostically unreliable [4].
An individual's arms may naturally differ in size simply due to handedness. Consequently bioimpedance, which measures the subclinical changes in ECF, is a significantly superior method with respect to simplicity, accuracy and reproducibility. Figure 1 shows a lack of overlap between the affected and unaffected patient groups in the study obtained when using BIS. In contrast, the volumetric approach, which has a low inter-operator reliability, shows an overlap between the patient groups.
Theory behind bioimpedance: the science
BIA was first used over 30 years ago to measure the total water content of the body. More recently however BIA has been applied to the quantification of unilateral lymphoedema [2,5,8]. BIA involves passing an extremely small electrical current through the body and measuring the opposition to the flow of this current (defined as impedance). At low frequencies current passes through the ECF space and does not penetrate the cell membrane, characterised by the theoretical resistance at zero frequency (R0). At high frequencies however the current passes through both the intracellular fluid (ICF) and ECF (Figure 1: Biological Current Flow).
Based on this concept, together with the fact that the impedance of a geometrical system is related to conductor length, cross sectional area and signal frequency, a value of impedance can be calculated from a current passed through the body. The measured impedance is inversely proportional to the amount of fluid. By appropriate choice of signal frequency, this can be made specific for ECF or for total fluid determination.
BIA methods: bioimpedance spectroscopy is the way of the future
The various types of bioimpedance analysis include, single frequency BIA (SF-BIA), multiple frequency BIA (MF-BIA) and the latest advancement bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS).
Single frequency BIA (SF-BIA)
SF-BIA is generally performed at a frequency of 50 kHz. At this frequency the current passes through both the ECF and ICF and consequently total body fluid (TBF) may be calculated. However, as the current passes through both intra and extracellular compartments, differences in ICF alone are not able to be determined.
To determine the ECF volume only, devices use patented technology involving taking measurements at a single low frequency less than 30 kHz. It has been demonstrated that this single low frequency can approximate a result for R0 and provide a result which is in high agreement with data obtained using BIS. Consequently, the use of a simple and inexpensive impedance device operating at a single low frequency is sufficient in some settings to provide a ratio that reflects quantitatively the degree of lymphoedema.
Multiple frequency BIA (MF-BIA)
MF-BIA involves taking impedance measurements using less than seven frequencies and with the use of empirical linear regression models, fat- free mass (FFM), TBW, ICF and ECF are determined.
Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS)
BIS takes measurements at 256 different frequencies and uses mathematical modelling to calculate the resistance at zero and infinite frequencies (R0 and Rinf respectively). These values are utilised through Hanai mixture theory to derive fat-free mass and fat mass. The determination of impedance at zero frequency is highly significant as this value represents the impedance of the ECF alone while establishing Rinf allows reliable prediction of the TBW.
References
Casely-Smith JR, and Casely Smith JR (1989) Physical therapy for lymphoedema. Med. J. Aust. 15:542-3.
Cornish BH, et al. (2001) Early diagnosis of lymphoedema using multiple frequency Bioimpedance. Lymphology. 34:2-11.
Rockson SG. (2001) Lymphoedema. Am. J. Med. 110:288-95.
Ward LC, et al. (1992) Multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance augments the diagnosis and management of lymphoedema in post-mastectomy patients. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 22:751-4.
Cornish BH, et al. (1996) Bioelectrical impedance for monitoring the efficacy of lymphoedema treatment programmes. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 38:169-76.
Stroud DB, et al. (1995) The use of Cole-Cole plots to compare two multiple-frequency bioimpedance instruments. Clin. Nutr. 14:307-311.
Parker-Pope, T. (2004), Efforts mount to combat lymphoedema, Wall Street Journal, 1 June.
Cornish BH, et al. (2000) Early diagnosis of lymphoedema in post surgery breast cancer patients. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 904:571-5.
Kyle UG, et al. (2004) ESPEN Guidelines. Bioelectrical impedance analysis - part 1: review of principles and methods. Clin. Nutr. 23:1266-43.
Ward LC, et al. (2001) Single or multiple frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis for the assessment of lymphoedema? Body Comp. XI ICEBI 2001 Oslo. 373-6.
*The Lymphoedema Ratio is derived by dividing the resistance of the unaffected arm by the resistance of the affected arm. This ratio is expressed as a number and provides an internally controlled method for lymphoedema assessment which can be compared to a baseline measurement or the lymphoedema index.
im worried about my friend, she has this disease that could probably kill her, her foot is swelling to enormous sizes and im upset as to what may become of my darling friend
;_; we will always remember you when you have left us
--
double sided coin?
macho macho Vert
vertmb is my sweetheart
<3 VERTY<3
visit auramoon she is awesome [link] [link] [link] [link]
--
clubs:
~GBSTA ~Dance-For-Me ~hella-toes ~BrokeOtakus ~Shadow-Smiley ~GenjOVA
--
Ooooo Tira you macho
--
Ooooo Tira you macho
Recognising lymphoedema early and treating it promptly is the best way to manage the condition. Without appropriate and timely treatment, lymphoedema can lead to pain, recurrent infection, reduced mobility and impaired function [1].
Lymphoedema: the condition
Characterised by excess protein and oedema in the tissues, lymphoedema can be the result of radiation therapy or surgery and may occur in one or both arms or legs. "Studies show from 20% to 45% of patients who are at risk for lymphoedema will eventually develop it." Wall Street Journal 2004 [7].
Lymphoedema may be extremely debilitating and although it cannot be cured, treatments often involving exercise, compression bandaging and massage can arrest the condition. Early detection and therefore early treatment are critical to providing the best patient outcome.
Objective and standardised results: a better way
Until recently techniques involving measuring limbs with a tape measure or immersing limbs in water have been favoured for the diagnosis of lymphoedema. These techniques, in addition to being cumbersome and time consuming, are diagnostically unreliable [4].
An individual's arms may naturally differ in size simply due to handedness. Consequently bioimpedance, which measures the subclinical changes in ECF, is a significantly superior method with respect to simplicity, accuracy and reproducibility. Figure 1 shows a lack of overlap between the affected and unaffected patient groups in the study obtained when using BIS. In contrast, the volumetric approach, which has a low inter-operator reliability, shows an overlap between the patient groups.
Theory behind bioimpedance: the science
BIA was first used over 30 years ago to measure the total water content of the body. More recently however BIA has been applied to the quantification of unilateral lymphoedema [2,5,8]. BIA involves passing an extremely small electrical current through the body and measuring the opposition to the flow of this current (defined as impedance). At low frequencies current passes through the ECF space and does not penetrate the cell membrane, characterised by the theoretical resistance at zero frequency (R0). At high frequencies however the current passes through both the intracellular fluid (ICF) and ECF (Figure 1: Biological Current Flow).
Based on this concept, together with the fact that the impedance of a geometrical system is related to conductor length, cross sectional area and signal frequency, a value of impedance can be calculated from a current passed through the body. The measured impedance is inversely proportional to the amount of fluid. By appropriate choice of signal frequency, this can be made specific for ECF or for total fluid determination.
BIA methods: bioimpedance spectroscopy is the way of the future
The various types of bioimpedance analysis include, single frequency BIA (SF-BIA), multiple frequency BIA (MF-BIA) and the latest advancement bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS).
Single frequency BIA (SF-BIA)
SF-BIA is generally performed at a frequency of 50 kHz. At this frequency the current passes through both the ECF and ICF and consequently total body fluid (TBF) may be calculated. However, as the current passes through both intra and extracellular compartments, differences in ICF alone are not able to be determined.
To determine the ECF volume only, devices use patented technology involving taking measurements at a single low frequency less than 30 kHz. It has been demonstrated that this single low frequency can approximate a result for R0 and provide a result which is in high agreement with data obtained using BIS. Consequently, the use of a simple and inexpensive impedance device operating at a single low frequency is sufficient in some settings to provide a ratio that reflects quantitatively the degree of lymphoedema.
Multiple frequency BIA (MF-BIA)
MF-BIA involves taking impedance measurements using less than seven frequencies and with the use of empirical linear regression models, fat- free mass (FFM), TBW, ICF and ECF are determined.
Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS)
BIS takes measurements at 256 different frequencies and uses mathematical modelling to calculate the resistance at zero and infinite frequencies (R0 and Rinf respectively). These values are utilised through Hanai mixture theory to derive fat-free mass and fat mass. The determination of impedance at zero frequency is highly significant as this value represents the impedance of the ECF alone while establishing Rinf allows reliable prediction of the TBW.
References
Casely-Smith JR, and Casely Smith JR (1989) Physical therapy for lymphoedema. Med. J. Aust. 15:542-3.
Cornish BH, et al. (2001) Early diagnosis of lymphoedema using multiple frequency Bioimpedance. Lymphology. 34:2-11.
Rockson SG. (2001) Lymphoedema. Am. J. Med. 110:288-95.
Ward LC, et al. (1992) Multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance augments the diagnosis and management of lymphoedema in post-mastectomy patients. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 22:751-4.
Cornish BH, et al. (1996) Bioelectrical impedance for monitoring the efficacy of lymphoedema treatment programmes. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 38:169-76.
Stroud DB, et al. (1995) The use of Cole-Cole plots to compare two multiple-frequency bioimpedance instruments. Clin. Nutr. 14:307-311.
Parker-Pope, T. (2004), Efforts mount to combat lymphoedema, Wall Street Journal, 1 June.
Cornish BH, et al. (2000) Early diagnosis of lymphoedema in post surgery breast cancer patients. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 904:571-5.
Kyle UG, et al. (2004) ESPEN Guidelines. Bioelectrical impedance analysis - part 1: review of principles and methods. Clin. Nutr. 23:1266-43.
Ward LC, et al. (2001) Single or multiple frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis for the assessment of lymphoedema? Body Comp. XI ICEBI 2001 Oslo. 373-6.
*The Lymphoedema Ratio is derived by dividing the resistance of the unaffected arm by the resistance of the affected arm. This ratio is expressed as a number and provides an internally controlled method for lymphoedema assessment which can be compared to a baseline measurement or the lymphoedema index.
im worried about my friend, she has this disease that could probably kill her, her foot is swelling to enormous sizes and im upset as to what may become of my darling friend
;_; we will always remember you when you have left us
--
double sided coin?
macho macho Vert
vertmb is my sweetheart
<3 VERTY<3
visit auramoon she is awesome
[link]
[link]
[link]
[link]
STAY OFF MY PAGE :]
if you fail to do this ..... again...... it proves a point, again.
1. you are slow
2. your stupid
3. you fail to respect others
4. your a hypocrite
5. you're gonna get yourself banned.
have a nice day.
oh, and I know who you really are. nice try! <3
--
There's a bit of Mr. Burns in us all! ...EXCELLENT
--
double sided coin?
macho macho Vert
vertmb is my sweetheart
<3 VERTY<3
visit auramoon she is awesome
[link]
[link]
[link]
[link]
--
Ooooo Tira you macho
--
double sided coin?
macho macho Vert
vertmb is my sweetheart
<3 VERTY<3
visit auramoon she is awesome
[link]
[link]
[link]
[link]
--
double sided coin?
macho macho Vert
vertmb is my sweetheart
<3 VERTY<3
visit auramoon she is awesome
[link]
[link]
[link]
[link]
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